Consider the extent to which the theory of exchange rates explain the Essay

Consider the extent to which the theory of exchange rates explain the performance of the US$ in recent years - Essay Example Historically, the most common fixed exchange rate used to be gold standard, until 1850s where, one ounce of gold was taken as worth $20 (U.S dollars) and 4 pounds of sterling, leading to an exchange rate of $5 of every pound. On the other hand, an exchange rate is said to be flexible, variable or floating when two or more countries come into agreement of letting the international market forces govern the rate through the forces of demand and supply. In this case, the rate would vary with a country’s imports and exports. According to Marazzi, Mario & Sheets (2007) majority of the trade economies such as US, Europe, Japan and China takes place with variable and flexible exchange rates that vary within comparatively fixed limits. Therefore, there is a strong relationship between the US dollar rate of exchange and all the major foreign currencies with an exception of those from the developing countries. It should be taken into account that with respect to the US stock market, this correlation is equilibrium with all parties being significant to its sustenance. The key reason for this causal relationship is that every investor view U.S Dollar as a negative beta which should always be falling in value whenever there is an upsurge of the value of stock market and should be increasing in value whenever there is a decrease in value of the stock market. ... Bilateral rates provide the comparison of the rate of exchange of currency of a country with that of another currency of a different country. For instance, one sterling pound can exchange for $1.50. On the other hand, multilateral exchange rate is the worth of a currency compared to more than one currency, unlike bilateral rates that give the comparison of only two countries or nations’ currency. Economists and market analysts determine multi-lateral rates to decipher averagely what is taking place in the exchange rate arena. This is got through the adoption of an index that denotes variations in one currency as compared to a pool of other currencies. In the past few years, the US exchange rate has constantly made the US dollar to fall rapidly against other well-known currencies such as euro-zone currencies with the lowest limit being recorded in 2008. Exchange Rate Policy The exchange rate based on any country’s economy impacts either negatively or positively the aggre gate demand via its effects on imports, exports and the extent at which policy makers can exploit this correlation. Besides, Exchange Rates can be operated as a form of monetary policy for guiding the balance of trade of many nations. In ideal situation, rates should always be held down to stimulate and scale up exports with a view of lessening inflationary pressure rocking a country’s economy. While the Bank of America does not particularly target the exchange rate, the MPC would always focus on the trend of exchange rates. In essence, during times of inflation pressure, the MPC would prefer a comparatively elevated rate given that this would lessen the price of import commodities and services and also will always help in absorbing the

Leagility Defined for the Supply Chain Essay example -- essays researc

Leagility Defined for the Supply Chain Two words, lean and agile, combine to make the word leagility. Supply chain managers need lean supply lines to eliminate waste and keep costs low. They also require agile supply chains to get the right amount of the product to the right place in order to satisfy the ever-changing nature of the marketplace. Traditional management recommended a lean supply chain for products with a stable demand, yet low profit margin. Conversely, products with a high profit margin and volatile demand should have an agile supply chain (Van der Vorst). Modern managers may benefit from studying hybrid supply chains that are both lean and agile. Lean supply chains work best with products that sell in high volume and low variety (Christopher). The reason for this is clear when one considers a type of product meeting this criterion. Toilet paper sells in predictable volume and while there is some variety with this product, it is basically the same from brand to brand. The consumer is more likely to buy this product as a result of price rather than bells and whistles. A manager of a supply chain of toilet paper can use many tools to keep the logistics cost low. Sales of this product are likely to be tied to population size with little of no variation in sales†¦except in college towns where TP sales may be higher during rush week. This consistency allows managers to ship regular orders of the product. Consistency allows for long-range contracts with shippers, wh...

The Production Process of M

Raw Materials M&Ms' have two main components, hardened liquid chocolate and the hard candy shell. Liquid chocolate comes from a blend of whole milk, cocoa butter, sugar, and chocolate liquor, among other ingredients. The candy shell is made from a blend of sugar and corn syrup. The Production Process 1 The liquid chocolate is poured into tiny molds to create the chocolate centers of the candy. 2 After the candies are formed, they are â€Å"tumbled† to make the chocolate center smooth and rounded.Then they are allowed to harden. 3 When the chocolates are hard, they are transported via conveyor belt to the coating area, where the process called panning is performed. 4 During panning, the chocolates are rotated in large containers as liquid candy made of sugar and corn syrup is sprayed onto them. 5 The color is added to a finishing syrup and applied as the final coat. Each batch is a different color. The liquid candy dries into the hardened shell. The single-colored batches are c ombined into the mixtures of red, yellow, blue, green, brown, and orange. They are then transported to the machine that stamps the â€Å"m† on the shells. 7 A special packaging machine weighs the candies, pours the proper amount into individual bags, and heat-seals the package. 8 The finished packages are moved along a conveyor belt to a machine that assembles the shipping cartons and fills them with the appropriate number of candy packages. The machine also seals the cartons shut.

Foundation of Psychology - 773 Words

Foundation of Psychology Psychology is the study of human behavior and mind. According to Psychology: The Study of Mental Processes and Behavior defined psychology as the scientific investigation of mental processes (thinking, remembering, feeling, etc.) and behavior. Psychology alone has more than one basic foundation. Psychology can be as broad as biology and as detailed as philosophy, because it includes humans who are very complex in nature. Psychology involves more than how people act; it includes their thought process, emotions, memories, and analysis of events. When psychology was first introduced people weren’t sure if it was a science separated from biology and philosophy. The major school of thought in psychology†¦show more content†¦The Cognitive Psychology studies mental processes on how humans think. It includes skills that allow you to learn, process information, and memorize. In 1950’s cognitive psychology originated in feedback to Pavlov, Watson, and Darwin schoo l of thought of psychology behaviorism. The biological foundation of psychology when linked to behavior is the four perspectives of psychology which are psychodynamic, behaviorist, cognitive, and evolutionary perspectives. Evolutionary psychology largely supports the importance of explain human psychology. Sigmund Freud developed the psychodynamic perspectives which proposed that our action reflects our emotions. The cognitive perspectives focus on how or the way one perceives, processes, and retrieve information (Kowalski and Westen, 2011). The cognitive perspective is used in better understanding how we make decision, what is involved in that process. According to Kowalski and Westen the evolutionary perspective was made from Darwin principle of natural selection. In understanding the school of thoughts in psychology we are able to come up with conclusions and closely identify ideas and understand why certain behaviors occurs. References Benson, Nigel C.(2007) Introducing Psychology: A Guide to Your Mind and Behaviour. N.p.: Faber and Faber. Print Kowalski, Robin M, Westen, Drew (2010) Psychology. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Print Schools of Thought. (n.d.). Retrieved July 7, 2013, fromShow MoreRelatedFoundations of Psychology771 Words   |  4 PagesFoundations of Psychology Psychology is an academic and applied discipline involving the scientific study of mental processes and behavior. There is some tension between scientific psychology (with its program of empirical research) and applied psychology (dealing with a number of areas). Psychologists attempt to explain the mind and brain in the context of real life. In contrast neurologists utilize a physiological approach. 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